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The Work of Art in the Age of Algorithmic Reproduction

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Small size of an organism, caused past growth deficiency or genetic mutations

This article is about the medical status. For the legendary animate being, see Dwarf (mythology). For other uses, meet Dwarf.

Medical condition

Dwarfism
Ethan Crough, male dwarf.jpg
A man in Columbus, Indiana, with dwarfism caused by achondroplasia
Pronunciation
Specialty Endocrinology, medical genetics
Causes Hyposecretion of growth hormone from pituitary gland (growth hormone deficiency), genetic disorders

Dwarfism describes a status wherein an organism is exceptionally small-scale, and more often than not occurs in the animal kingdom.[one] In humans, it is sometimes divers equally an adult height of less than 147 centimetres (4 ft 10 in), regardless of sex; the average developed elevation amongst people with dwarfism is 122 centimetres (four ft 0 in), although some individuals with dwarfism are slightly taller.[2] [3] [4] Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by either brusque limbs or a short body. In cases of proportionate dwarfism, both the limbs and torso are unusually small. Intelligence is normally normal, and most have a nearly normal life expectancy.[5] [6] People with dwarfism can unremarkably bear children, though there are additional risks to the female parent and child dependent upon the underlying condition.

The about common and recognisable form of dwarfism in humans (comprising 70% of cases) is the genetic disorder achondroplasia, whereby the limbs are atomic.[7] Growth hormone deficiency is responsible for most other cases.[eight] Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those with genetic disorders tin sometimes exist treated with surgery or physical therapy. Hormone disorders can also be treated with growth hormone therapy before the child's growth plates fuse. Individual accommodations, such every bit specialized furniture, are often used by people with dwarfism.[9] Many back up groups provide services to assist individuals and the bigotry they may face.[10]

In improver to the medical aspect of the condition, at that place are likewise social aspects. For a person with dwarfism, height discrimination tin can lead to ridicule in childhood and discrimination in adulthood.[11] [12] In the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, and other English-speaking countries, labels that some people with dwarfism take include dwarf (plural: dwarfs), little person (LP), or person of brusk stature (See Terminology).[13] [xiv] Historically, the term "midget" was used to describe dwarfs (primarily proportionate); nonetheless, this term is now often regarded as offensive.[xv]

Signs and symptoms

Dwarfism occurs in animals besides equally humans; horses tin can have achondroplastic symptoms, as shown here next to a person with dwarfism.

A defining characteristic of dwarfism is an developed superlative less than the 2.third percentile of the CDC standard growth charts.[sixteen] There is a wide range of concrete characteristics. Variations in individuals are identified past diagnosing and monitoring the underlying disorders. There may not exist any complications exterior adapting to their size.

Short stature is a common replacement of the term 'dwarfism', peculiarly in a medical context. Short stature is clinically defined as a elevation inside the lowest 2.3% of those in the full general population. However, those with balmy skeletal dysplasias may not be affected by dwarfism. In some cases of untreated hypochondroplasia, males grow up to 165 cm (v feet 5 inches). Though that is short in a relative context, information technology does not fall into the extreme ranges of the growth charts.

Asymmetric dwarfism is characterized by shortened limbs or a shortened torso. In achondroplasia 1 has an average-sized torso with short limbs and a larger forehead.[17] Facial features are often affected and individual body parts may have problems associated with them. Spinal stenosis, ear infection, and hydrocephalus are common. In case of spinal dysostosis, one has a small trunk, with average-sized limbs.

Proportionate dwarfism is marked past a short torso with short limbs,[4] thus leading to a height that is significantly below average. At that place may exist long periods without whatsoever significant growth. Sexual development is often delayed or impaired into adulthood. This dwarfism blazon is caused by an endocrine disorder and not a skeletal dysplasia.

Physical effects of malformed bones vary co-ordinate to the specific disease. Many involve joint pain caused past abnormal bone alignment, or from nerve pinch.[xiii] Early degenerative joint illness, exaggerated lordosis or scoliosis, and constriction of spinal cord or nervus roots can cause pain and disability.[18] Reduced thoracic size tin can restrict lung growth and reduce pulmonary role. Some forms of dwarfism are associated with matted function of other organs, such equally the brain or liver, sometimes severely enough to be more of an impairment than the unusual os growth.[nineteen] [20]

Mental effects also vary according to the specific underlying syndrome. In most cases of skeletal dysplasia, such as achondroplasia, mental office is non impaired.[4] However, there are syndromes which can affect the cranial structure and growth of the brain, severely impairing mental chapters. Unless the brain is directly affected by the underlying disorder, there is little to no hazard of mental harm that can be attributed to dwarfism.[21]

The psycho-social limitations of club may be more than disabling than the physical symptoms, especially in childhood and boyhood, just people with dwarfism vary greatly in the degree to which social participation and emotional health are affected.

  • Social prejudice confronting extreme shortness may reduce social and marital opportunities.[22] [23]
  • Numerous studies have demonstrated reduced employment opportunities. Severe shortness is associated with lower income.[23]
  • Cocky-esteem may endure and family unit relationships may be affected.
  • Extreme shortness (in the threescore–90 cm or ii–3 feet range) tin, if not accommodated for, interfere with activities of daily living, like driving or using countertops built for taller people. Other common attributes of dwarfism such as bowed knees and unusually brusque fingers tin can lead to back problems and difficulty in walking and handling objects.
  • Children with dwarfism are particularly vulnerable to teasing and ridicule from classmates. Because dwarfism is relatively uncommon, children may feel isolated from their peers.[19]

Causes

Dwarfism can result from many medical conditions, each with its own split symptoms and causes. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional torso parts normally has a hormonal cause, such as growth-hormone deficiency, in one case called pituitary dwarfism.[13] [17] Achondroplasia is responsible for the majority of man dwarfism cases, followed past spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and diastrophic dysplasia.[8]

Achondroplasia

The most recognizable and most common form of dwarfism in humans is achondroplasia, which accounts for 70% of dwarfism cases, and occurs in 4 to 15 out of 100,000 live births.[7]

It produces rhizomelic short limbs, increased spinal curvature, and distortion of skull growth. In achondroplasia the body's limbs are proportionately shorter than the trunk (intestinal area), with a larger caput than boilerplate and characteristic facial features. Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder acquired by the presence of an altered allele in the genome. If a pair of achondroplasia alleles are present, the result is fatal. Achondroplasia is a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3.[25] In the context of achondroplasia, this mutation causes FGFR3 to become constitutively active, inhibiting bone growth.[26]

Growth hormone deficiency

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical status in which the body produces insufficient growth hormone. Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is a polypeptide hormone which stimulates growth and prison cell reproduction. If this hormone is lacking, stunted or even halted growth may become apparent. Children with this disorder may abound slowly and puberty may exist delayed by several years or indefinitely. Growth hormone deficiency has no single definite cause. It can be caused by mutations of specific genes, damage to the pituitary gland, Turner's syndrome, poor nutrition,[27] or even stress (leading to psychogenic dwarfism). Laron syndrome (growth hormone insensitivity) is another cause. Those with growth hormone issues tend to be proportionate.

Metatropic Dysplasia

Metatropic ways "changing form" and refers to this course of skeletal dysplasia equally in that location is an abnormality in the growth plates.[28] Skeletal changes keep over fourth dimension and may need surgical intervention to help protect the lungs.[29] Symptoms starting at nascence may be mild or can be fatal.[30] There are recognizable features in individuals with this genetic disorder. Some are brusque stature, narrow chest, " facial features such every bit a prominent forehead, underdevelopment of the upper jaw, cheekbones and centre sockets (midface hypoplasia), and a squared-off jaw."[29] It is considered a more severe skeletal dysplasia, but is very rare, with the exact number of those affected unknown.[30] Prognosis is largely on a case-by-case basis depending on the severity, and life expectancy may not be impacted unless in that location are respiratory complications.[31]

Other

Other causes of dwarfism are spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, diastrophic dysplasia, pseudoachondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, Noonan syndrome, primordial dwarfism, Cockayne syndrome, Kniest dysplasia, Turner syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), and hypothyroidism. Severe shortness with skeletal distortion also occurs in several of the Mucopolysaccharidoses and other storage disorders.[32] Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may cause proportionate, however temporary, dwarfism. NPR2 disproportionate dwarfism was discovered recently and is caused past a mutant cistron.[33]

Serious chronic illnesses may produce dwarfism as a side effect. Harsh environmental weather, such as malnutrition, may also produce dwarfism. These types of dwarfism are indirect consequences of the generally unhealthy or malnourished status of the individual, and not of whatsoever specific disease. The dwarfism often takes the grade of simple brusk stature, without whatever deformities, thus leading to proportionate dwarfism. In societies where poor nutrition is widespread, the average height of the population may be reduced below its genetic potential by the lack of proper diet. Sometimes there is no definitive cause of short stature.[ citation needed ]

Diagnosis

Dwarfism is often diagnosed in childhood on the basis of visible symptoms. A physical examination can ordinarily suffice to diagnose sure types of dwarfism, simply genetic testing and diagnostic imaging may be used to determine the verbal status.[34] In a person'southward youth, growth charts that runway height can be used to diagnose subtle forms of dwarfism that accept no other striking physical characteristics.[8]

Short stature or stunted growth during youth is usually what brings the condition to medical attention. Skeletal dysplasia is usually suspected because of obvious physical features (eastward.m., unusual configuration of confront or shape of skull), considering of an obviously affected parent, or because trunk measurements (arm span, upper to lower segment ratio) indicate disproportion.[34] Bone X-rays are often key to diagnosing a specific skeletal dysplasia, but are not the sole diagnostic tool. Well-nigh children with suspected skeletal dysplasias are referred to a genetics dispensary for diagnostic confirmation and genetic counseling. Since virtually the yr 2000, genetic tests for some of the specific disorders take go available.[35]

During an initial medical evaluation of shortness, the absence of disproportion and other clues listed above unremarkably indicates causes other than os dysplasias.

Nomenclature

In men and women, the sole requirement for beingness considered a dwarf is having an adult height under 147 cm (iv ft 10 in) and information technology is almost always sub-classified with respect to the underlying condition that is the cause of the brusque stature. Dwarfism is unremarkably acquired past a genetic variant; achondroplasia is caused by a mutation on chromosome 4. If dwarfism is acquired by a medical disorder, the person is referred to by the underlying diagnosed disorder. Disorders causing dwarfism are often classified past proportionality. Disproportionate dwarfism describes disorders that crusade unusual proportions of the body parts, while proportionate dwarfism results in a generally compatible stunting of the body.

Disorders that crusade dwarfism may be classified co-ordinate to 1 of hundreds of names, which are ordinarily permutations of the following roots:

  • location
    • rhizomelic = root, i.eastward., bones of the upper arm or thigh
    • mesomelic = middle, i.e., bones of the forearm or lower leg
    • acromelic = end, i.e., basic of hands and feet.
    • micromelic = unabridged limbs are shortened
  • source
    • chondro = of cartilage
    • osteo = of bone
    • spondylo = of the vertebrae
    • plasia = form
    • trophy = growth

Examples include achondroplasia and chondrodystrophy.

Prevention

Many types of dwarfism are currently impossible to prevent considering they are genetically acquired. Genetic atmospheric condition that crusade dwarfism may be identified with genetic testing, by screening for the specific variations that result in the condition. However, due to the number of causes of dwarfism, it may be incommunicable to make up one's mind definitively if a child will be born with dwarfism.

Dwarfism resulting from malnutrition or a hormonal abnormality may be treated with an advisable diet or hormonal therapy. Growth hormone deficiency may be remedied via injections of human growth hormone (HGH) during early on life.[36]

Direction

Genetic mutations of most forms of dwarfism caused by bone dysplasia cannot be altered yet, so therapeutic interventions are typically aimed at preventing or reducing hurting or physical inability, increasing developed meridian, or mitigating psychosocial stresses and enhancing social accommodation.[10]

Forms of dwarfism associated with the endocrine organization may be treated using hormonal therapy. If the crusade is prepubescent hyposecretion of growth hormone, supplemental growth hormone may right the abnormality. If the receptor for growth hormone is itself afflicted, the condition may show harder to treat. Hypothyroidism is some other possible cause of dwarfism that tin exist treated through hormonal therapy. Injections of thyroid hormone can mitigate the effects of the status, but lack of proportion may be permanent.

Pain and disability may be ameliorated by physical therapy, braces or other orthotic devices, or past surgical procedures.[x] The only unproblematic interventions that increase perceived adult height are clothes enhancements, such as shoe lifts or hairstyle. Growth hormone is rarely used for shortness acquired by bone dysplasias, since the height do good is typically small (less than 5 cm [2 in]) and the cost high.[9] The most effective means of increasing adult height past several inches is distraction osteogenesis, though availability is limited and the cost is loftier in terms of money, discomfort, and disruption of life. Most people with dwarfism do not choose this option, and it remains controversial.[thirteen] For other types of dwarfism, surgical treatment is not possible.

Club and civilization

Terminology

The appropriate term for describing a person of peculiarly short stature (or with the genetic status achondroplasia) has developed euphemistically.

The noun dwarf stems from Quondam English dweorg, originally referring to a beingness from Germanic mythology—a dwarf—that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting. The etymology of the word dwarf is contested, and scholars have proposed varying theories about the origins of the being, including that dwarfs may have originated as nature spirits or as beings associated with death, or as a mixture of concepts. Competing etymologies include a basis in the Indo-European root *dheur- (significant 'damage'), the Indo-European root *dhreugh (whence mod German Traum 'dream' and Trug 'charade'), and comparisons accept been made with the Old Indian dhvaras (a type of demonic existence). The being may not take gained associations with small stature until a later period.[37]

The terms "dwarf", "little person", "LP", and "person of short stature" are now generally considered adequate by most people affected by these disorders.[17] However, the plural "dwarfs" as opposed to "dwarves" is generally preferred in the medical context, possibly because the plural "dwarves" was popularized by author J. R. R. Tolkien, describing a race of characters in his The Lord of the Rings books resembling Norse dwarfs.[38]

"Midget", whose etymology indicates a "tiny biting insect",[39] came into prominence in the mid-19th century later on Harriet Beecher Stowe used it in her novels Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands and Oldtown Folks where she described children and an extremely short human being, respectively.[17] Later some people of curt stature considered the discussion to be offensive because it was the descriptive term applied to P. T. Barnum's dwarfs used for public entertainment during the freak prove era.[13] [40] It is likewise not considered accurate equally information technology is not a medical term or diagnosis, though it is sometimes used as a slang term to describe those who are particularly curt, whether or not they accept dwarfism.[41]

Dwarf sports

Dwarfs are supported to compete in sport by a number of organisations nationally and internationally.

Dwarfs are included in some events in the Athletics at the Summer Paralympics.

The Dwarf Athletic Association of America and the Dwarf Sports Clan UK provide opportunities for dwarfs to compete nationally and internationally in the Americas and Europe, respectively.

The Dwarf Sports Association UK organises betwixt 5 and 20 events per month for athletes with restricted growth weather condition in the Britain.[42]

For instance, swimming and bicycling are often recommended for people with skeletal dysplasias, since those activities put minimal pressure on the spine.[43]

Since its early days, professional wrestling has had the involvement of dwarf athletes. "Midget wrestling" had its heyday in the 1950s–'70s, when wrestlers such as Piddling Beaver, Lord Littlebrook, and Fuzzy Cupid toured North America, and Sky Depression Depression was the first holder of the National Wrestling Alliance's World Midget Title. In the following couple of decades, more wrestlers became prominent in North America, including strange wrestlers like Japan's Fiddling Tokyo. Although the term is seen by some as pejorative, many past and electric current midget wrestlers, including Hornswoggle, take said they take pride in the term due to its history in the industry and its marketability.[ citation needed ]

Art and media depictions

In fine art, literature, and movies, dwarfs are rarely depicted every bit ordinary people who are very short only rather as a species autonomously. Novelists, artists, and moviemakers may adhere special moral or aesthetic significance to their "apartness" or misshapenness.

Artistic representations of dwarfism can be establish on Greek vases and other aboriginal artifacts, including ancient Egyptian art in which dwarfs are likely to accept been seen as a divine manifestation, with records indicating they could reach loftier positions in club.[44] [45]

The Bhagavat Purana Hindu text devotes nine capacity to the adventures of Vamana, a dwarf avatar of Lord Vishnu.

Depictions of dwarfism are also found in European paintings and many illustrations. Many European paintings (specially Castilian) of the 16th–19th centuries draw dwarfs past themselves or with others. In the Talmud, it is said that the second born son of the Egyptian Pharaoh of the Bible was a dwarf.[46] Recent scholarship has suggested that aboriginal Egyptians held dwarfs in high esteem.[47] Several important mythological figures of the North American Wyandot nation are portrayed as dwarfs.[48]

Every bit popular media have get more widespread, the number of works depicting dwarfs take increased dramatically. Dwarfism is depicted in many books, films, and TV series such as Willow, The Wild Wild West, The Human with the Gilt Gun (and later parodied in Austin Powers), Gulliver'southward Travels by Jonathan Swift,[49] The Wizard of Oz, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, Bad Santa, A Son of the Circus, Little People, Big Globe, The Little Couple, A Vocal of Ice and Fire (and its TV adaptation Game of Thrones), Seinfeld, The Orator, In Bruges, The Tin Pulsate by Günter Grass, the short-lived reality show The Littlest Groom, and the films The Station Agent and Cypher.

The Beast Planet TV series Pit Boss features dwarf actor Shorty Rossi and his talent agency, "Shortywood Productions", which Rossi uses to provide funding for his pit bull rescue operation, "Shorty's Rescue". Rossi's three full-time employees, featured in the series, are all footling people and aspiring actors.

In September 2014, Creative Business Business firm, along with Donnons Leur Une Chance, created the International Dwarf Manner Show to raise awareness and boost self-conviction of people living with dwarfism.[fifty]

A number of reality tv series on Lifetime, beginning with Little Women: LA in 2014, focused on showing the lives of women living with dwarfism in diverse cities around the Usa.

See also

  • Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt
  • Dwarf-tossing
  • Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome
  • Gigantism
  • Human being top
  • Kingdom of the Little People
  • Laron syndrome
  • List of people with dwarfism
  • List of dwarfism organisations
  • List of shortest people
  • Midget
  • Mulibrey nanism
  • Our Little Life (reality television show)
  • Phyletic dwarfism
  • Short stature
  • Pygmy peoples
  • Dwarf hamster (disambiguation)
  • Dwarf rabbit

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External links

  • Little People of the Globe Organization Archived 2021-05-10 at the Wayback Machine [Hub for all International Organizations; services/advocacy/know your rights/back up]
  • Fiddling People of America (Includes a listing of International support groups)
  • Trivial People of Canada (Includes a list of Canadian Provincial support groups)
  • Lilliputian People Uk
  • Dwarf Sports Association United kingdom
  • Restricted Growth Association United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism

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